President Francois Hollande blamed continuing unrest in eastern Ukraine, where Russia is accused of backing separatists in their fight against the government in Kiev.
The Vladivostok warship was due to be handed over last month as part of a two-ship deal.
Russia says it will stick to the terms of the contract.
Under the agreement, signed during Nicolas Sarkozy's presidency in 2011, Russia ordered two Mistral-class amphibious assault ships in a contract worth 1.2bn euros ($1.6bn; £0.95bn).
The first ship, the Vladivostok, was to be handed over in mid-November; the second, the Sevastopol, is due for delivery late next year.
France eventually halted the delivery of the first ship in September, under pressure from its Western allies, saying the conditions were "not right".
European Union leaders had warned the ship could be used to threaten its neighbours. The 21,300-tonne Mistral-class ship can carry up to 16 helicopters and a third of a mechanised regiment.
Since March, the EU and US have been imposing sanctions on Russian individuals and companies because of the annexation of the Crimean peninsula and the subsequent outbreak of conflict in Ukraine's eastern regions of Donetsk and Luhansk.
However, France had been reluctant to put the deal on ice because of the legal cost of breaching the contract.
The second Mistral-class carrier, the Sevastopol, is due for delivery next year
Since the end of June, 400 Russian sailors have been stationed in Saint-Nazaire, where the Vladivostok is docked.
And late last month, a leading Kremlin official said an invitation had been sent out by the manufacturer for a ceremony marking the handover of the ship.
In his statement on Tuesday, President Hollande said the "current situation in eastern Ukraine still does not allow for the delivery of the first" warship.
Although Russia had earlier warned France against suspending the delivery of the Vladivostok, Deputy Defence Minister Yury Borisov told Ria Novosti that the navy would observe the terms of the contract: "We are satisfied, it is the French who are not satisfied, and we are going to patiently wait," he said.
However, he gave a sterner assessment of Russia's position to Tass news agency: "If they don't hand it over, we will go to court and impose punitive sanctions."
In theory, France could have to pay a fine and return the deposit paid by Russia, French reports say.
Credit to BBC
Since the end of June, 400 Russian sailors have been stationed in Saint-Nazaire, where the Vladivostok is docked.
And late last month, a leading Kremlin official said an invitation had been sent out by the manufacturer for a ceremony marking the handover of the ship.
In his statement on Tuesday, President Hollande said the "current situation in eastern Ukraine still does not allow for the delivery of the first" warship.
Although Russia had earlier warned France against suspending the delivery of the Vladivostok, Deputy Defence Minister Yury Borisov told Ria Novosti that the navy would observe the terms of the contract: "We are satisfied, it is the French who are not satisfied, and we are going to patiently wait," he said.
However, he gave a sterner assessment of Russia's position to Tass news agency: "If they don't hand it over, we will go to court and impose punitive sanctions."
In theory, France could have to pay a fine and return the deposit paid by Russia, French reports say.
Credit to BBC
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